Today is election day in the United States of America and since 1997 it is possible for astronauts to cast their vote from space. This is possible because of a bill passed by Texas legislatures in 1997, as most astronauts live in Texas. They can vote in local, state, and federal elections.
They file their "Voter Registration and Absentee Ballot Request – Federal Post Card Application" and later get to vote via email they send back to NASA, which then forwards the encrypted ballots to county election officials.
NASA astronaut David Wolf (https://goo.gl/AQYVLR) became the first American to vote in space (for a local election), and he did it from aboard the Mir Space Station (https://goo.gl/vesN5t). Leroy Chiao (https://goo.gl/qaZHGv) was the first NASA astronaut casting a vote from space in a presidential election in 2004, when he was the commander of Expedition 10 (https://goo.gl/XVbubF) aboard the International Space Station (https://goo.gl/gkDQr).
More information here:
http://nasa.tumblr.com/post/152733055774/vote-while-you-float-an-astronaut-voting-story
http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/26/us/giant-leap-for-the-space-crowd-voting.html
Image credit: American flag in the Cupola module aboard the ISS NASA/Kjell Lindgren
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